Bezuvjetni osobni dohodak
Finska je tijekom 2017 i 2018 radila pokus s bezuvjetni osnovni dohotkom kako bi uvidjela njegov utjecaj na stanovnike. Posljednjih godina na velikom broju mjesta se provodio eksperimente s poklanjanjem novca građanima i potom gledanja rezultata tog pokusa pa ćemo danas govoriti kako je to završilo u Finskoj.
Te 2017 godine Finska je izabrala 2 tisuće nezaposlenih osoba kojima će potom dvije godine mjesečno bezuvjetno davati po 560 eura. Kada kažemo bezuvjetno mi govorimo da su te osobe dobivale 560 eura bez obzira da li će potom 2 godine provesti na kauču ili naći zaposlenje. Cilj eksperimenta je bio vidjeti utjecaj bezuvjetnog osnovnog dohotka na zapošljavanje, moralno i zdravstveno stanje.
Počevši potom od studenog 2017 pa sve do listopada 2018 stručnjaci su promatrali životne razlike između ponašanja onih koji su dobivali bezuvjetni osnovni dohodak i onih koji ga nisu dobivali. To ispitivanje je inače završeno u listopadu 2018 godine pošto se ubrzo nakon tog mjeseca ukida ovaj dohodak pa se smatralo da tada već dolazi do mentalnih promjena kod onih koji su ga dobivali.
Prije nego što se zabavimo konkretnim podacima o finskim rezultatima red je sjetiti se osnovnih kritika bezuvjetnog osnovnog dohotka. Osnovna kritika se tiče cijene ovog projekta koja po američkim procjenama iznosi 10 % BDP-a što se potom treba kompenzirati višim porezima. U određenom smislu to ne bi trebao predstavljati preveliki problem ako uzmemo u obzir da 55 velikih američkih korporacija nije platilo niti centa poreza u 2020 godini, ali to je u samo određenom smislu pošto govorimo o enormnom novcu. Nakon toga slijede kritike o nepismenom i lijenom stanovništvu pa se navodi kako je tijekom ispitivanja prije 50 godina otkriveno da 20 % žena koje su dobile bezuvjetni osnovni dohodak odlučilo odustati od posla, a muškarci su ga puno pažljivije birali.
Nakon što smo ovime zaključili da su obje kritike u svojoj osnovi korporativne red nam je pogledati što se dogodilo u Finskoj. Prije nego što to spomenemo red nam je naglasiti da oni koji su dobivali ovaj novac ga nisu mogli odbiti ili napustiti eksperiment pošto je on bio izglasan u parlamentu s snagom zakona čime je izbjegnuta svaka osobna manipulacija po čemu je ovaj pokus bio jedinstven u svijetu.
Najvažnija stvar koju smo otkrili zahvaljujući njemu je da on ne utječe na manju zainteresiranost ljudi za zapošljavanjem čime su srušene neke od teorija koje se njemu protive. Drugi podatak koji je dobiven zahvaljujući eksperimentu bi bio da su nezaposleni koji su dobivali novac radili 78 dana tijekom godine dok nezaposleni koji ga nisu dobivali samo 73 dana.
Slično se dogodilo i po pitanju psiholoških promjena pa se tako samo 22 % onih koji su primali novac osjećalo depresivno dok je kod onih koji ga nisu primali taj postatak iznosio 32. Gledajući sve to nitko od nas neće biti iznenađen ako potom kažemo da je studija ukazala kako su ljudi koji su dobivali novac više vjerovali sistemu, drugim ljudima i u svoju budućnost nego oni koji ga nisu dobivali.
Ovi psihološki efekti utjecaja bezuvjetnog osnovnog dohotka su inače bili i ranije znani tako da oni ne predstavljaju iznenađenje, ali pošto je bila riječ o prvom od države provođenom eksperimentu on predstavlja iznimni značaj za sve buduće rasprave o ovom pitanju.
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